Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the field of hepatology: Recent advances and future trends

Table 2 Studies on endoscopic ultrasound guided paracentesis

Ref.	Study design	Patient population	Imaging	Age (yr)	Gender (M/F)	Needle	Route (TG/TD)	Amount of fluid aspirated	Diagnosis on EUS	Actual diagnosis	Complications
Chang et al[12], 1995	Case report	2 cases	CT (pleural effusion and ascites)	-	-	-	-	-	-	Malignant effusion and ascites	-
Romero-Castro et al[14], 2017	Case series	3 cases	DLBCL (1 case), HCC (2 cases)	60/74/55	3/-	19 G FNA (all cases)	TG (3 cases)	Double Pigtail placement (3 cases)	-	Malignant ascites (3 cases)	None
Wardeh et al[16], 2011	Retrospective study	101	Ascites not detected in 6/9 cases on CT	68.3	54/47	19 G FNA	NA	10 mL (max) in 90 cases, 2 smears in 11 cases	74 negative	84 malignant	None
Suzuki et al[11], 2014	Retrospective study	11 cases	CT (no ascites in 4)	66.4	7/4	22 G (automatedspring-loaded)	NA	14.1 mL (range 0.5-38 mL)	Benign 5; malignant 6	NA	None
Kaushik et al[10], 2006	Retrospective study	25	NA	66-70	16/9	22/25 G FNA	Both	6.8 mL (range, 1-20 mL)	64% malignant (benign 9; malignant 16)	Benign 8; malignant 17	1 cases (4%) (bacterial peritonitis)
Lee et al[4], 2005	Retrospective study	250 cases	CT in all	60.3	160/90	NA	NA	NA	37% ascites, 28% peritoneal metastasis	All malignant	None
Dewitt et al[5], 2007	Retrospective study	60	CT/MRI/USG in all (ascites 31 cases (51%)	67	33/27	22 G	55 (TG), 5 (TD)	8.9 (1-40) mL	Benign 42; malignant/atypical 18	Benign 15; malignant 45	2 cases fever
Köck et al[13], 2018	Case report	2 cases	Rectal cancer, ovarian cancer	36, 56	-/2	19 G	Both TG	Pigtail (plastic) placed	-	-	None
Nguyen and Chang[2], 2001	Retrospective study	31 cases (of 85)	CT had ascites in 14/79 (18%)	NA	NA	NA	NA	7.9 (1-40 mL)	Malignant 5; benign 26	NA	None
Varadarajulu and Drelichman[3], 2008	Case report	1	SCC anus	31	-/1	19 G	TG (1)	10 mL (diagnostic); 5 L (therapeutic)	Malignant ascites	NA	None

DLBCL: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma; TG: Transgastric; TD: Transduodenal; M: Male; F: Female; G: Gauge; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; CT: Computed tomography; FNA: Fine needle aspiration; SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma; USG: Ultrasound; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.