Mechanisms and consequences of COVID-19 associated liver injury: What can we affirm?

Table 2 Frequency and serum levels of hepatic enzymes abnormalities in different studies

	AST abnormalities %1	Serum levelsAST U/L1	ALT abnormalities %	Serum levelsALT U/L1	Total bilirubinabnormalities %	Serum levels, Total bilirubin mol/L1
Xie et al[12]	35.4%	2All patients: 30 (20-50); Moderate: 28 (22-48); Severe: 35 (22-55)	31.6%	2All patients: 34 (18-67); Moderate: 28 (21-43.5); Severe: 36.5 (17.5-71.5)	5.1%	2All patients: 13.6 (8.8-17.6); Moderate: 13.9 (8.9-18.7); Severe: 12.7 (8.1-15.4)
Huang et al[5]	2All patients: 37%, Non-ICU: 25%; ICU: 6%	2All patients: 34 (26-48); Non-ICU: 34 (24-40.5); ICU: 44 (30-70)	NR	2All patients: 32 (21-50); Non-ICU care: 27 (19.5-40); ICU care: 49 (29-115)	NR	2All patients: 11.7 (9.5-13.9); Non-ICU care: 10.8 (9.4-12.3); ICU care: 49 (11.9-32.9)
Guan et al[6]	All patients: 22.2%; Non-severe: 18.2%; Severe: 39.4%; ICU/IMV/Death: 50%	NR	All patients: 21.3%; Non-severe: 19.8%; Severe: 28.1%; ICU/IMV/Death: 40.8%	NR	All patients: 10.5%; Non-severe: 9.9%; Severe: 13.3%; ICU/IMV/Death: 20.8%	NR
Zhang et al[13]	17%	2All patients: 28.3 ± 15.6; ULN ≤ 50 U/L: 85%; 50-150 U/L: 15%; > 150: none	11%	2All patients: 25.71 ± 21.8; ULN: ≤ 50 U/L: 90.4%; 50-150 U/L: 8.7%; > 150: 0.9%	6.96%	2All patients: 11.31 ± 5.8; ULN: ≤ 21 μmol/L: 94%; 21-31.5 μmol/L: 6%
Cao et al[31]	NR	All patients: 30.63 ± 18.85; Non-severe: 27.98 ± 25.8; Severe: 44.13 ± 36.26	NR	All patients: 31.35 ± 20.36; Non-severe: 28.89 ± 31.83; Severe: 43.87 ± 47.8	NR	NR
Chen N et al[9]	35%	All patients: 34 (26-48)	28%	All patients: 39 (21-55)	18%	All patients: 15.1 ± 7.6
Richardson et al[10]	58.4%	All patients: 46 (31-71)	39%	All patients: 33 (21-55)	NR	NR
Zhang et al[10]	NR	All patients: 29 (22-49); Non-severe: 27 (20-38); Severe: 51 (29-78)	NR	All patients: 23 (16-39); Non-severe: 22 (14-33); Severe: 32 (22-57)	NR	All patients: 10 (8-14.2); Non-severe: 9.6 (7.9-13.8); Severe: 11.4 (8.6-17.4)
Bhatraju et al[11]	41%	NR	32%	NR	NR	0.6 (0.5-0.7)
Zhou et al[8]	NR	NR	All patients: 31% Survivor: 24%; Non-survivor: 48%	All patients: 30 (17-46); Survivor: 27 (15-40); Non-survivor: 40 (24-51)	NR	NR
Pan et al[15]	NR	All patients: 35.6 ± 59.6	NR	All patients: 35.8 ± 48.5	NR	All patients: 13.3 ± 10.2
Wang et al[7]	NR	All patients: 31 (24-51); Non-ICU: 29 (21-38); ICU: 52 (30-70)	NR	All patients: 24 (16-40); Non-ICU: 23 (15-36); ICU: 35 (19-57)	NR	All patients: 9.8 (8.4-14.1); Non-ICU: 9.3 (8.2-12.8); ICU: 11.55 (9.6-18.6)
Fu et al[16]	NR	Common: 16 (20-35); Severe: 29 (23-54); Critical ill: 49 (35-80)	NR	Common: 22 (14-35); Severe: 23 (15-36); Critical ill: 33 (19-61)	NR	2Common: 10.4 (7.5-14.7) Severe: 10.9 (8.0-16.2); Critical ill: 12.6 (10.5-17)
Chen et al[17]	All patients: 31%; Deaths: 52%; Recovered: 16%	All patients: 16 (22-46); Recovered: 25 (20-33.3); Deaths: 45 (31-67)	All patients: 22%; Deaths: 27%; Recovered: 19%	All patients: 23 (15-38); Recovered: 20 (14.2-32); Deaths: 28 (18-57)	NR	All patients: 9.6 (6.7-13.5); Recovered: 8.4 (5.8-11.2); Deaths: 12.6 (9.4-16.7)

¹Data is mean ± SD or median.

²Values on admission. ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; NR: Not report; ICU: Intensive care unit; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; ULN: Upper limit of normal.