Mechanisms and consequences of COVID-19 associated liver injury: What can we affirm?

Table 1 Different studies that evaluates liver enzymes according to disease severity and treatment protocol

	n	Disease severity, n (%)	Death, n (%)	Complications, n (%)	Treatment (%), Antiviral therapy; Antibiotic therapy; Antimalarial	Treatment (Drugs)
Xie et al[12]	79	Moderate: 51 (64.5%), Severe: 28 (2.5%)	0	NR	NR	NR
Huang et al[5]	41	Non-severe: 28 (68.3%), Severe: 13 (31.7%)	6 (15%)	Acute respiratory distress: 12 (29%); Acute cardiac injury: 5 (12%); Acute kidney injury: 3 (7%); Secondary infection: 4 (10%); Shock: 3 (7%)	All patients: AV (93%); AB (100%) Non-ICU care: AV (93%); AB (100%) ICU care: AV (92%); AB (100%)	Antiviral: Oseltamivir Antibiotic: NR
Guan et al[6]	1099	Non severe: 926 (84.3%), Severe: 173 (15.7%)	15 (1.4%)	Acute respiratory distress: 37 (3.4%); Acute kidney injury: 6 (0.5%); Septic Shock: 12 (1.1%); Disseminated intravascular coagulation: 1 (0.1); Rhabdomyolysis: 2 (0.2)	All patients: AV (35.8%); AB (58%) Non-severe: AV (33.8%); AB (53.8%) Severe: AV (46.2%); AB (80.3%)	Antiviral: Oseltamivir Antibiotic: NR
Zhang et al[13]	115	Non severe: 84 (73%), Severe: 31 (27%)	1 (0.9%)	NR	NR	NR
Cao et al[31]	128	Non severe: 107 (83.6%), Severe: 21 (16.4%)	0%	NR	NR	NR
Chen et al[9]	99	Non severe: 76 (77%), Severe (ICU): 23 (23%)	11 (11%)	Acute respiratory injury: 8 (8%); Acute kidney injury: 3 (3%); Septic Shock: 4 (4%); Ventilator-associated pneumonia: 1 (1%)	All patients: AV (76%), AB (71%)	Antiviral: Oseltamivir, ganciclovir, lopinavir/ritonavir Antibiotic: Cephalosporins, quinolones, carbapenems, tigecycline, linezolid
Richardson et al[18]	5700	Non severe: 4414 (77.4%), Severe (ICU): 1286 (22.6%)	553/2634 (21%)	Acute kidney injury: 1370 (24%); Acute Hepatic injury 89 (1.6%)	NR	NR
Zhang et al[10]	221	Non severe: 166 (75%), Severe: 55 (25%)	12 (5.4%)	Acute respiratory injury: 48 (21.7%); Acute kidney injury: 10 (4.5%); Acute cardiac injury: 17 (7.6%); Arrhythmia: 24 (11%); Shock: 15 (6.8)	All patients: AV (88.7%) Non-severe: AV (88%), Severe: AV (90.9%)	Antiviral: NR Antibiotic: NR
Bhatraju et al[11]	24	Severe: 24 (100%)	12 (50%)	Shock: 17 (71%)	All patients: AV (29.2%)	Antiviral: Remdesivir
Zhou et al[8]	191	General: 72 (38%), Severe: 66 (35%); Critical: 53 (28%)	54 (28%)	Sepsis: 112 (59%); Respiratory failure: 103 (54%); Heart failure: 44 (23%); Septic shock: 38 (20%); acute cardiac injury: 33 (17%); Acute kidney injury: 28 (15%); Secondary infection: 28 (15%)	All patients: AV (21%), AB (95%) Survivors: AV (21%), AB (93%)Non-survivors: AV (22%), AB (98%)	Antiviral: Lopinavir/ritonavir Antibiotic: NR
Pan et al[15]	204	NR (total)	36 (17.6%)	NR	All patients: AV (90.2%), AB (64.7%)	Antiviral: Lopinavir/ritonavir Antibiotic: NR
Wang et al[7]	138	Non severe: 102 (74%), Severe (ICU): 36 (26%)	6 (4.3%)	Respiratory failure: 27 (19.6%); Arrhythmia: 23 (16.7%); Shock: 12 (8.7%); Acute cardiac injury: 10 (7.2%); Acute Kidney injury: 5 (3.6%)	All patients: AV (89.9%); AB (100%) Non-ICU care: AV (88.2%); ICU care: AV (94.4%)	Antiviral: Oseltamivir Antibiotic: Moxifloxacin, ceftriaxone, azithromycin
Fu et al[16]	350	Common: 211 (60.3%), Severe: 88 (25.2%); Critical ill: 51 (14.5%)	34 (9.8%)	NR	NR	NR
Chen et al[17]	113	NR	113 (41%)	Type I respiratory failure: 18/67 (27%), Sepsis: 179 (65%), Acute cardiac injury: 89/203 (44%), Heart failure: 43/176 (24%), Acute kidney injury: 29 (11%)	All patients: AV (86%); AB (91%); Recovered: AV (91%); AB (89%) Deaths: AV (79%); AB (93%)	Antiviral: Oseltamivir, arbidol, lopinavir/ritonavir Antibiotic: Moxifloxacin, cefoperazone, or azithromycin

NR: Not report; ICU: Intensive care unit; AV: Antiviral therapy; AB: Antibiotic therapy; AM: Antimalarial.