LIV-4: A novel model for predicting transplant-free survival in critically ill cirrhotics

Table 1 Training cohort: Patient characteristics and univariate analysis of factors associated with In-hospital mortality

Factor	Total (n = 436)		Discharged alive (n = 317)		In-hospital death (n = 119)		P value
	n	Summary	n	Summary	n	Summary
Age (yr)	436	57.0 ± 10.6	317	57.5 ± 10.3	119	55.5 ± 11.3	< 0.0811
Gender	436		317		119		< 0.623
Female		151 (34.6)		112 (35.3)		39 (32.8)
Male		285 (65.4)		205 (64.7)		80 (67.2)
Ethnicity	420		308		112		< 0.413
White/Caucasian		340 (81.0)		254 (82.5)		86 (76.8)
Black/African/Haitian		60 (14.3)		41 (13.3)		19 (17.0)
Other		20 (4.8)		13 (4.2)		7 (6.3)
Any previous ICU stay during same admission	436	13 (3.0)	317	6 (1.9)	119	7 (5.9)	< 0.0293
Comorbidities
Diabetes	436	129 (29.6)	317	100 (31.5)	119	29 (24.4)	< 0.143
COPD	436	61 (14.0)	317	49 (15.5)	119	12 (10.1)	< 0.153
Severe COPD	436	12 (2.8)	317	10 (3.2)	119	2 (1.7)	< 0.403
Solid tumor with metastasis	436	3 (0.69)	317	1 (0.32)	119	2 (1.7)	< 0.182
Immune suppression	436	21 (4.8)	317	16 (5.0)	119	5 (4.2)	< 0.713
Mechanical ventilation	436	170 (39.0)	317	111 (35.0)	119	59 (49.6)	< 0.0053
Dialysis > 2 times in 7 d	436	35 (8.0)	317	20 (6.3)	119	15 (12.6)	< 0.0313
Liver disease etiology
AIAT	436	9 (2.1)	317	8 (2.5)	119	1 (0.84)	< 0.273
AIH	436	17 (3.9)	317	11 (3.5)	119	6 (5.0)	< 0.453
ALD	436	197 (45.2)	317	138 (43.5)	119	59 (49.6)	< 0.263
Cryptogenic	436	25 (5.7)	317	21 (6.6)	119	4 (3.4)	< 0.193
HCV	436	147 (33.7)	317	102 (32.2)	119	45 (37.8)	< 0.273
HBV	436	9 (2.1)	317	5 (1.6)	119	4 (3.4)	< 0.243
NASH	436	96 (22.0)	317	75 (23.7)	119	21 (17.6)	< 0.183
PBC	436	6 (1.4)	317	5 (1.6)	119	1 (0.84)	< 0.994
PSC	436	2 (0.46)	317	2 (0.63)	119	0 (0.0)	< 0.994
24-hour urine output (cc)	400	1005.2 (454.8, 1589.8)	295	1090.0 (633.3, 1726.6)	105	563.8 (105.6, 1210.9)	< 0.0012
Variceal bleed	436	112 (25.7)	317	86 (27.1)	119	26 (21.8)	< 0.263
Vasopressors on day of admission	436		317		119		< 0.0012
0		208 (47.7)		170 (53.6)		38 (31.9)
1		175 (40.1)		126 (39.7)		49 (41.2)
≥ 2		53 (12.12)		21 (6.63)		32 (26.9)
Encephalopathy	436		317		119		< 0.432
None		106 (24.3)		81 (25.6)		25 (21.0)
Mild		123 (28.2)		88 (27.8)		35 (29.4)
Moderate/severe		207 (47.5)		148 (46.7)		59 (49.6)
Ascites	436		317		119		< 0.0852
None		114 (26.1)		86 (27.1)		28 (23.5)
Mild		129 (29.6)		100 (31.5)		29 (24.4)
Moderate/severe		193 (44.3)		131 (41.3)		62 (52.1)
Labs and vitals
Platelets (k/μL)	436	81.0 (56.5, 117.5)	317	83.0 (60.0, 117.0)	119	73.0 (49.0, 119.0)	< 0.212
Prothrombin time (sec)	436	16.8 (14.2, 20.7)	317	15.6 (13.7, 18.0)	119	21.4 (18.3, 27.8)	< 0.0012
INR	436	1.5 (1.3, 1.9)	317	1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	119	2.0 (1.7, 2.6)	< 0.0012
Lactate (mmol/L)	341	2.3 (1.6, 3.4)	230	2.1 (1.4, 2.7)	111	3.0 (2.1, 5.4)	< 0.0012
MAP (mmHg)	436	65.0 (56.0, 106.0)	317	68.0 (60.0, 109.0)	119	58.0 (50.0, 68.0)	< 0.0012
ABG-pH	263	7.4 ± 0.10	170	7.4 ± 0.08	93	7.3 ± 0.12	< 0.0011
ABG-PaCO2 (mmHg)	263	31.0 (27.0, 38.0)	170	31.0 (26.0, 37.0)	93	33.0 (27.0, 40.0)	< 0.0982
ABG-PaO2 (mmHg)	263	104.0 (80.0, 139.0)	170	113.0 (85.0, 147.0)	93	94.0 (76.0, 132.0)	< 0.0192
ABG-FiO2 (%)	263	40.0 (27.0, 55.0)	170	40.0 (25.0, 50.0)	93	44.0 (30.0, 70.0)	< 0.0082
PaO2/FIO2 ratio	263	309.5 (195.0, 390.5)	170	337.5 (226.0, 426.7)	93	252.5 (143.0, 347.4)	< 0.0012
PAO2 (mmHg)	263	240.2 (151.0, 346.2)	171	231.5 (143.3, 324.0)	93	264.0 (168.4, 471.6)	< 0.0082
A-a gradient (mmHg)	263	119.8 (47.4, 233.9)	171	100.2 (38.6, 204.3)	93	166.7 (59.5, 319.6)	< 0.0012
Temperature (°C)	436	36.5 (36.2, 36.8)	317	36.5 (36.3, 36.8)	119	36.3 (35.4, 36.6)	< 0.0012
GCS	436	13.0 (8.0,14.0)	317	13.0(9.0,15.0)	119	11.0 (7.0, 14.0)	< 0.0012
Respiratory rate (rpm)	436	33.0 (26.0, 40.0)	317	33.0 (25.0, 39.0)	119	36.0 (27.0, 43.0)	< 0.0522
Heart rate (bpm)	436	92.8 ± 28.1	317	91.8 ± 25.7	119	95.5 ± 33.6	< 0.211
Hematocrit (%)	436	26.6 ± 5.9	317	27.1 ± 5.7	119	25.3 ± 6.2	< 0.0051
WBC (k/μL)	436	7.5 (5.0, 11.4)	317	6.6 (4.6, 9.8)	119	10.7 (6.6, 17.7)	< 0.0012
Potassium (mmol/L)	436	4.0 (3.6, 4.8)	317	3.9 (3.5, 4.6)	119	4.4 (3.8, 5.1)	< 0.0012
BUN (mg/dL)	436	35.0 (21.0, 55.5)	317	32.0 (20.0, 51.0)	119	46.0 (28.0, 66.0)	< 0.0012
Albumin (g/dL)	436	2.7 (2.2, 3.1)	317	2.7 (2.3, 3.1)	119	2.7 (2.2, 3.3)	< 0.572
Sodium (mmol/L)	436	136.6 ± 6.8	317	136.6 ± 6.6	119	136.4 ± 7.3	< 0.811
Creatinine (mg/dL)	436	1.6 (0.89, 2.8)	317	1.4 (0.80, 2.4)	119	2.2 (1.4, 3.5)	< 0.0012
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	435	4.2 (2.0, 10.4)	316	3.3 (1.7, 6.2)	119	11.7 (5.6, 25.9)	< 0.0012
Bicarbonate (mmol/L)	424	19.3 ± 5.4	310	19.9 ± 4.9	114	17.7 ± 6.3	< 0.0011
Glucose (mg/dL)	430	152.6 ± 90.3	314	153.9 ± 94.0	116	149.1 ± 79.8	< 0.631
Scores
MELD score	435	23.2 ± 9.8	316	20.3 ± 8.3	119	31.1 ± 8.9	< 0.0011
MELD-Na score	435	24.8 ± 9.2	316	22.1 ± 8.1	119	32.0 ± 8.1	< 0.0011
Child-Pugh score	435	10.8 ± 2.1	316	10.3 ± 2.1	119	11.9 ± 1.8	< 0.0011
SOFA score	263	10.2 ± 3.5	170	9.0 ± 2.9	93	12.4 ± 3.4	< 0.0011
CLIF-SOFA score	262	11.2 ± 3.5	169	9.9 ± 3.0	93	13.5 ± 3.2	< 0.0011
RFH score	259	0.05 (-0.77, 1.1)	167	-0.30 (-0.99, 0.59)	92	0.96 (0.08, 2.1)	< 0.0012
APS	435	65.6 ± 28.4	317	58.0 ± 22.1	118	86.2 ± 32.8	< 0.0011
APACHE III score	435	85.1 ± 28.3	317	77.7 ± 23.1	118	105.0 ± 31.5	< 0.0011

Values presented as Mean ± SD, Median (P25, P75) or n (column %). P values:

¹ANOVA.

²Kruskal-Wallis test.

³Pearson’s χ² test.

⁴Fisher’s Exact test. ICU: Intensive care unit; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; A1AT: Alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; ALD: Alcoholic liver disease; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; INR: International normalized ratio; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; ABG: Arterial blood gas; PaCO₂: Partial arterial pressure of carbon dioxide; PaO₂: Oxygen; FiO₂: Inspired oxygen concentration; A-a gradient: Alveolar arterial partial pressure oxygen gradient; FiO₂/PaO₂: Oxygenation index; GCS: Glascow coma scale; rpm: Respirations per minute; bpm: Beats per minute; WBC: White blood cell count; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; Na: Sodium; CPS: Child-Pugh score; SOFA: Sequential (or sepsis-related) organ failure assessment; CLIF-SOFA: Chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment; RFH: Royal free hospital; APS: Acute physiology score; APACHE: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation.