Pivotal role of long non-coding ribonucleic acid-X-inactive specific transcript in regulating immune checkpoint programmed death ligand 1 through a shared pathway between miR-194-5p and miR-155-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 9 Schematic representation of the shared pathway between miR-155-5p and miR-194-5p. This article highlights the novel shared upstream regulatory signaling pathways for programmed cell-death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 immune checkpoint between paradoxically acting miR-194-5p and miR-155-5p, through lnc X-inactive specific transcript expression modulation. Mimicking of tumor suppressor miR-194-5p as well as oncomiR-155-5p in the Huh-7 cell line showed the same upregulation pattern of X-inactive specific transcript. X-inactive specific transcript was proposed then to be an intermediate player whose upregulation derived the increase in programmed death ligand 1 transcript abundance.