Proton pump inhibitors increase the severity of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients

Table 1 Grade of hepatic encephalopathy in proton pump inhibitor users versus nonusers

Grade of HE	PPI user	PPI nonuser
	n = 75	n = 28
Grade 1	15 (20.0)	11 (39.3)
Grade 2	32 (46.6)	13 (46.4)
Grade 3	18 (24.0)	4 (14.3)
Grade 4	10 (13.4)	0 (0)

n (%), Grade of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is defined by the West Haven Criteria Severity Scale for HE: Grade I (mild confusion, disordered sleep), II (lethargy moderate confusion), III (marked confusion, incoherent speech), IV (coma). HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.