Hepatic encephalopathy: Lessons from preclinical studies

Table 2 Brief description of type A animal models of hepatic encephalopathy

	Species used	Main findings
Surgical models
Hepatic devascularization	Rat, rabbit, pig	Increased AST, hypoglycemia, lethargy and coma
Hepatectomy	Rat, pig	Increased AST, TNF, PT, NH3, lactate, hypoglycemia, hepatic necrosis
Pharmacological models
Galactosamine (IP, IV, SC)	Rat, rabbit, guinea pig	Increased AST, PT, NH3, hepatic necrosis
Acetaminophen (IP, IV, SC, oral)	Rat, dog, pig	Increased AST, NH3, bilirubin, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, centrilobular coagulative necrosis
Thioacetamide (IP, oral)	Rat	Increased AST, PT, NH3, metabolic acidosis, centrilobular necrosis
Azoxymethane (IP, SC)	Mouse	Increased AST, NH3 and bilirubin, hepatic necrosis

AST: Aspartate transaminase; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; PT: Prothrombin time; NH₃: Ammonia; IP: Intraperitoneal; IV: Intravenous; SC: Subcutaneous.