Bioengineered functional humanized livers: An emerging supportive modality to bridge the gap of organ transplantation for management of end-stage liver diseases

Table 2 Study outcome and major limitations of different types of acellularization techniques adopted for different types of whole organ scaffold development

Organ	Acellularization	Study out come	Limitation	References
	Method
Rat liver	Perfusion with detergents (SDS, Triton X-100)	Perfusion with SDS removes most of cells, damages the ECM when treated with Triton X-100 and removes 97 % of DNA	SDS damages the ECM	[69,74]
Porcine liver	Mechanical perfusion (electroporation)	Most of the cells are removed, preserves the blood vessels	Disruption of microfilament and microtubule	[102]
Mouse heart	Enzymatic, detergents, Acids	Cells are removed	Damages the ECM proteins, poorly maintains the 3D architecture	[103]
Porcine trachea	Enzymatic (trypsin) non-enzymatic (EDTA), detergent (Triton X-100) and deionized Water	Cells are removed, clear the cell debris	Disruption of glycosaminoglycan, reduce the laminin and fibronectin	[104]
Rat kidney	Perfuse with SDS, deionized water, dTriton X-100 and PBS along with antibiotics	Twice filtration is observed	Loss of cell-mediated functions like transport of solutes	[105]
Rat heart	Perfused with detergents		Long-term cell survival, oxygen tension and continuous rhythmic beating	[63,98]
Goat kidney	Perfused with Trypsin- EDTA in PBS, perfuse antibiotics and then with SDS in PBS	Cells are removed, pore to pore interconnection in the scaffold		[75,106]

ECM: Extra cellular matrix.