Oxidative stress signaling underlying liver disease and hepatoprotective mechanisms

Figure 2 Oxidative stress signaling in thyroid hormone (T3) liver preconditioning as mediated by redox-sensitive transcriptional factors NF-κB, AP-1, and STAT3 (A) or Nrf2 (B). AP-1: Activating protein 1; ARE: Antioxidant responsive element; GdCl3: Gadolinium chloride; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MnSOD: Manganese superoxide dismutase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; Nrf2: Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2; QO2: Rate of oxygen consumption; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TR: Thyroid hormone receptor; UCP: Uncoupling protein.