Generation of diverse neural cell types through direct conversion

Table 2 Summary of studies demonstrating generation of functional induced neuronal subtypes by direct conversion

Species	Original cell	Transgenes	Method	End cell	Ref.
Human	Fibroblast	BAM, Lmx1a, FoxA2	iLV	iDN	[87]
Mouse	Fibroblast	Ascl1, Nurr1, Lmx1a	iLV	iDN	[88]
Human	Fibroblast	Ascl1, Nurr1, Lmx1a	iLV	iDN	[88]
Mouse	Fibroblast	BAM, Lhx3, Hb9, Isl1, Ngn2	RV	iMN	[93]
Human	Fibroblast	BAM, Lhx3, Hb9, Isl1, Ngn2, NeuroD1	RV	iMN	[93]
Mouse	Fibroblast	Ascl1, Pitx3, Lmx1a, Nurr1, FoxA2, EN1	iLV	iDN	[89]
Mouse	Astrocyte	Ascl1, Lmx1b, Nurr1	iLV	iDN	[92]
Mouse	Fibroblast	Ascl1, Lmx1b, Nurr1	iLV	iDN	[92]
Mouse	Cord blood-derived stem cell	Ascl1, Lmx1b, Nurr1	iLV	iDN	[92]
Human	Fibroblast	Ascl1, Ngn2, Sox2, Nurr1, Pitx3	LV	iDN	[90]
Mouse	Fibroblast	Brn2, Ascl1, Lmx1b, Nurr1, Otx2	RV	iDN	[91]
Mouse	Fibroblast	Brn2, Ascl1, Ngn2, Pax6, Hes1, Id1, c-Myc, Klf4	RV	iNPC → iDN	[91]
Human	Fibroblast	Ngn2	RV	iMN	[94]
Human	Fibroblast	BAM, Lmx1a, Lmx1b, FoxA2, Otx2	iLV	iDN	[81]
Human	Fibroblast	Ascl1, Ngn2, Sox2, Nurr1, Pitx3, p53-DN	LV	iDN	[156]
Human	Fibroblast	miR-9/9*-124, Myt1l, Bcl11b, Dlx1, Dlx2	iLV	iMSN	[95]
Mouse	Fibroblast	Brn3a, Ngn1/2	iLV	iSN	[96]
Human	Fibroblast	Brn3a, Ngn1/2	iLV	iSN	[96]
Mouse	Fibroblast	Nfia, Nfib, Sox9	iLV	iA	[97]
Human	Fibroblast	Nfia, Nfib, Sox9	iLV	iA	[97]

BAM: Brn2, Ascl1, and Myt1l; miR: MicroRNA; shR: Small hairpin RNA; iLV: Inducible lentiviral vector; LV: Lentiviral vector; iN: Induced neuron; iNPC: Induced neural progenitor cell; iDN: Induced dopaminergic neuron; iMN: Induced motor neuron; iMSN: Induced medium spiny neuron; iSN: Induced sensory neuron; iA: Induced astrocyte.