Use of bone morphogenetic proteins in mesenchymal stem cell stimulation of cartilage and bone repair

Table 2 Use of mesenchymal stem cells and bone morphogenetic proteins in cartilage and bone defects in vivo

Conditions	Scaffold	Ref.
MSCs and BMPs in cartilage defects
MSCs transfected with BMP7	Bioresorbable polimer scaffold	[94]
MSCs transfected with BMP7 and TGF-β1	Bilayered osteochondral scaffold	[95]
MSCs + TGF-β1, PDGF and BMP2	Bilayer scaffold with platelet rich plasma	[96]
MSCs + TGF-β1, TGF-β3, BMP2, 4 and 7	Osteochondral allograft with extracellular matrix proteins	[98]
MSCs and BMPs in bone defects
MSCs transfected with BMP2	Animal models of ectopic and orthotopic bone formation	[103-110]
MSCs transfected with BMP2	Alginate or type I collagen hydrogels	[111]
MSCs transfected with BMP2	Injectable chitosan biopolymer and inorganic phosphate	[112]
MSCs + BMP2	Macroporous β-tricalcium phosphate deposited by robocasting	[72]
MSCs + BMP7	Natural bone mineral particles	[113]
MSCs + BMP7	3D collagen nanofiber implant	[114]

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; TGF: Transforming growth factor.