Rat embryonic stem cells create new era in development of genetically manipulated rat models

Table 1 Summary of components for the establishment of rat embryonic stem cells and the properties of the resultant cells

Ref.	Additives	Pluripotent markers	Karyotype stability	EB/teratocarcinoma	Germline transmission
Iannacconne et al[13]	FBS	AP	Unconfirmed	Failed	Failed
	LIF	SSEA1
Takahama et al[14]	FBS	AP	Unconfirmed	Unconfirmed	Unconfirmed
	LIF	Oct3/4
		SSEA1
Vassilieva et al[15]	FBS	AP	Unconfirmed	Unconfirmed	Unconfirmed
	LIF	Oct3/4
		SSEA1
Buehr et al[9]	(A) N2B27		Confirmed	Confirmed	Confirmed
	FGFRi	AP
	MEKi	Oct3/4
	GSK3i	SSEA1
	(B)	Sox2
	N2B27
	MEKi	Nanog
	GSK3i	Fgf4
	LIF	Rex1
Li et al[10]	(A) N2B27		Confirmed	Confirmed	Confirmed
	MEKi	AP
	GSK3i	Oct3/4
	(B)	SSEA1
	N2B27
	MEKi	Sox2
	GSK3i	Nanog
	LIF
Kawamata et al[26]	FBS	AP	Confirmed	Confirmed	Confirmed
	MEKi	Oct3/4
	GSK3i	Sox2
	ALK5i	Nanog
	ROCKi	Rex1

EB: Embryo culture media; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; LIF: Leukemia inhibitory factor; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase; GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; FGFR: Fibroblast growth factor-receptor; ALK5: Activin receptor-like kinase; ROCK: Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase; AP: Alkaline phosphatase.