Osteogenic differentiation of amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal cells and their bone regeneration potential

Table 2 Studies describing in vivo osteogenic differentiation of AF-derived cells

Cell source	Scaffold	Animal model	Ref.
oAF-MSCs	Magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite/collagen-based scaffold	Sheep model of sinus augumentation	[85]
hAFSCs	Nanofibrous or solid walled scaffolds	Midsagittal incision made on the dorsa and two subcutaneous pockets created using blunt dissection on male outbred thymic nude mouse model (nu/nu)	[86]
hAFSCs	Fibroin scaffolds compared to collagen and poly-D,L-lactic acid scaffolds	Dorsal mid-sagittal incision made on the dorsa and two subcutaneous pockets were created using blunt dissection male outbred rats	[89]
hAFSCs	Microfibrous starch and poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffold	Subcutaneous implantation into the dorsal side of athymic female nude rats	[91]
hAFSCs	Construct composed of collagen type I	Critical-sized rat calvarial defect after oral administration of phytoestrogen ferutinin	[93]
hAFSCs	Biomaterial Skelite	Subcutaneous implantation in the back of CD-1 nu/nu mice	[38]

MSCs: Mesenchymal stromal cells; AF-MSCs: MSCs isolated from amniotic fluid; AFSCs: Amniotic fluid stem cells.