Mitochondria as therapeutic targets for cancer stem cells

Table 1 Markers used to identify stem cells and cancer stem cells

Marker	Cancer origin	Marker properties	Ref.
ALDH1	Breast	Catalyzes the oxidation of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes	[81]
		Converts retinol to retinoic acid
		AdSC
ABC135	Melanomas	ATP binding cassette family	[82]
		Involved in transport of sterol and other lipids
Bmi-1	Breast, prostate, leukemias, neuroblastomas	HSC, NSC, and AdSC marker	[83,84]
CD20	Metastatic melanomas	Hematopoietic marker	[85]
CD29	Breast, colon	AdSC marker	[86,87]
CD34	Leukemias, sarcomas	HSC, MSC marker	[88-91]
CD44	Breast, pancreas, colon, head and neck, prostate	Adhesion molecule related to metastasis	[91-96]
		HSC and pluripotent stem cell marker
		Normal prostate epithelial stem cell marker
CD49f	Prostate	Adhesion to extracellular matrix	[97]
CD90	Liver, breast, glioblastomas	Glycoprotein, role in stem cell differentiation	[98-100]
		MSC marker
CD113	Lung, pancreas, colon, glioblastoma, melanomas, etc.	HSC, NSC AdSC (colon) marker	[16-18,101-104]
CD117	Breast, ovarian, lung, glioblastoma	Progenitor cell marker	[105,106]
Oct4	Many carcinomas	Embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell marker	[107,108]
Sca-1	Lung	Skin epithelial stem cell and HSC marker	[109]

AdSC: Adult stem cell marker; HSC: Hematopoietic stem cell; NSC: Neuronal stem cell; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.