Tooth-derived stem cells: Update and perspectives

Table 2 Characterization of tooth-derived stem cells

TDSCs	Ref.	Location	Expression markers		Differentiation capacity
			Positive	Negative	In vitro	In vivo
DPSCs	[13,44,46,51,65]	Permanent tooth pulp	CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, STRO-1, Oct-3/4, Sox-2, nanog	CD14, CD34, CD45	Osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, hepatocyte, neuron	Dentin-like structures
SHED	[49,51,53,69,70]	Deciduous tooth pulp	CD29, CD105, CD146, STRO-1	CD31, CD34	Osteoblast, odontoblast, adipocyte, neural cell	Dentin formation, induce bone formation by murine host cells
SCAP	[13,56,57,65]	Apical papilla of developing tooth	CD24, CD29, CD31, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146, CD166, STRO-1, Oct-3/4, Sox-2, nanog, survivin	CD14, CD18, CD34, CD45, CD150	Osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, hepatocyte, neuron	Dentin-like tissue
DFPCs	[13,54,56,65,72]	Dental follicle of developing tooth	CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, nestin	CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD117	Osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, hepatocyte, neuron	Bone/cementum-like tissue
PDLSCs	[13,57,60,73]	Permanent tooth periodontal ligament	CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166, CD146, STRO-1, Oct-3/4, Sox2, nanog, nestin	CD14, CD34, CD34, CD45	Osteoblast/cementoblast,adipocyte, neuron	Periodontal ligament/ cementum-like tissue
DePDL	[60]	Deciduous tooth periodontal ligament	CD105, CD166, STRO-Oct-4	CD34, CD45	Osteoblast, adipocyte

CD: Cluster of differentiation; DePDL: Periodontal ligament of deciduous teeth stem cells; DFPCs: Dental follicle progenitor cells; DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; Oct: Octamer; PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells; SCAP: Stem cells from apical papilla; SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; Sox2: SRY-box containing gene 2.