Control of stem cell fate by engineering their micro and nanoenvironment

Table 1 Examples of studies, which have demonstrated surface topographies can direct stem cell differentiation

Stem cell source	Scaffold type	Description of topographical feature	Differentiation outcome	Ref.
hMSC	PDMS	Islands	Large 10000 μm2 islands promoted osteogenesis. Small 1024 μm2 island promoted adipogenesis	McBeath et al[25]
hMSC	TiO2 nanotubes	30-, 50, -70 and 100 nm nanotubes	70-100 nm nanotubes promoted osteogenesis	Oh et al[28]
hMSC	PMMA	Ordered and disordered square or hexagonal pattern and Nanopits	Disordered squared promoted osteogenesis	Dalby et al[31]
hBMDSC	Hydrogenated amorphous carbon	Grooves	Neurogenesis	D’Angelo et al[37]
mESC	PLLA	Grating	Osteogensis	Smith et al[38]
hMSC	PDMS	Grating	Neurogenesis	Yim et al[39]
hESC	PDMS	Micropatterned fibronectin with square shape surrounded by Pluronic F127	Myogenesis and chondrogenesis	Gao et al[49]
hMSC	PDMS	Micropatterned with striped groove morphology coated with collagen type I.	Myogenesis	Kurpinski et al[50]
hNSC	PDMS	Micropatterned with striped groove morphology coated with PLL and laminin.	Neuronal	Béduer et al[51]
hMSC	PDMS	Micropatterned with striped groove morphology coated with collagen type I	Neuronal	Biehl et al[52]
hESC	PDMS	Groove	Neuronal	Lu et al[53]
hMSC	PCL	Nanopillar, nanohole and nanogrill	Nanopillar and nanohole topography enhanced	Wu et al[54]
hNSC	PUA	Groove and Pillar	MSC chondrogenesis and facilitated hyaline cartilage. Neuronal	Yang et al[55]
rMSCs	Polystyrene	Groove	Myogenesis and adipogenesis	Wang et al[56]

hESC: Human embryonic stem cell; hMSC: Human mesenchymal stem cell; rMSCs: Rat mesenchymal stem cell; hNSC: Human neural stem cell; hBMDSC: Human bone marrow derived stem cell; mESC: Mouse embryonic stem cell; PMMA: Polymethyl methacrylate; PDMS: Polydimethylsiloxane; PCL: Polycaprolactone; PUA: Polyurethane acrylate; PLL: Poly-l-lysine; PLLA: Poly(L-lactide).