“Ins” and “Outs” of mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis in regenerative medicine

Table 2 Clinical trials and case reports using mesenchymal stem cells in human orthopaedic conditions

Orthopaedic condition	MSC source	Technique	Patients/controls	Study length	Outcome	Ref.
Osteoarthritis-Knee	Adipose	Autologous MSCs with platelet rich plasma	25/25 retrospective controls	12 mo	Study group significantly higher degrees of improvement from pre-treatment levels in pain and activity	[144]
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration	Bone marrow	MSC injection into nucleus pulposus	10/self-controls - pre- and post procedure	12 mo	Pain, disability, quality of life, disc water content improved	[145]
Maxillary Reconstruction	Adipose	Vascular flap with ADCs, β-tricalcium phosphate, BMP-2	1 case	12 mo	Regeneration of normal bone	[146]
Mandibular Reconstruction	Bone marrow	BMP-2, collagen sponges + bone marrow MSCs + allogeneic bone chips	5 cases	22 mo	Bone regeneration in 2/4 cases using MSCs; failure overall in 2 of 5 cases	[147]

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein.