Dendritic cells derived from pluripotent stem cells: Potential of large scale production

Figure 2 Schematic differentiation process from human pluripotent stem cells to dendritic cells. The differentiation into dendritic cells (DCs) was initiated from mesoderm specification. Then, the cells become hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) after treatment with growth factors, followed by the stage of more committed common myeloid progenitors (CMP). CMP will then become monocyte-like cells as DC precursors. DC precursors will become immature DCs (iDCs), which further differentiate into mature DCs (mDCs). Definite markers can be used to identify each stage over the course of differentiation. Bry: Mesoderm marker brachyury; BMP-4: Bone morphogenetic protein-4; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; SCF: Stem cell factor; IL-4: Interleukin 4; IL1-β: Interleukin-1 beta; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; PGE-2: Prostaglandin E2; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.