Neural differentiation from pluripotent stem cells: The role of natural and synthetic extracellular matrix

Table 1 Protocols and in vivo studies for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells

Growth factors	Cell source	Cell characteristics	Ref.
EGF-dependent protocol
RA/EGF (short FGF-2 exposure)	hESC lines: H1 and H7	Olig1 (80%-90%), Sox10 (76%-84%), NG2 (95%); remyelinated in a rat thoracic contusion model	Nistor et al[21], 2005; Keirstead et al[19], 2006; Li et al[13], 2013
RA/EGF (short FGF-2 exposure)	hiPSC lines: Royan hiPSC1, hiPSC8	> 90% Olig2, Sox 10, > 80% NG2 and PDGFRα; tested in a rat model of optic chiasm demyelination	Pouya et al[33], 2011
RA/EGF (short FGF-2 exposure)	hESC H7 line	OPCs remyelinated in a rat cervical contusion model	Sharp et al[94], 2010
RA/EGF (short FGF-2 exposure)	hiPSC lines: 201B7, 253G1	O4+ cells were observed in EGF-dependent protocol	Ogawa et al[20], 2011
PDGF-dependent protocol
PDGF/FGF-2 (short EGF exposure)	SNUhES1 line	PDGFRα (81%), A2B5 (90.4%), NG2 (91.3%) and O1 (81%); myelinate axons in co-cultures with fetus hippocampal neurons.	Kang et al[24], 2007
RA/Shh/FGF-2/PDGF	hESC lines: H1, H9 H14	> 80% PDGFRα+, also co-express Olig2, Nkx2.2, Sox10 and NG2	Hu et al[26], 2009
RA/Shh/FGF-2/PDGF	hiPSC lines: K04, C14, and C27	70%-90% Olig2+/Nkx2.2+, OPCs myelinated the brains of myelin-deficient shiverer mice	Wang et al[7], 2013
FGF-2/EGF/PDGF/CNTF plus laminin; Shh, PDGF, IGF-1, EGF, FGF-2 and CNTF plus RA and laminin	hESC lines: HS360 and HS362; Regea 06/040 and Regea 08/023	> 90% NG2+, > 80% PDGFRα+; multilayered myelin sheet formation around axons was detected in co-culture with neuronal cells	Sundberg et al[28], 2010 Sundberg et al[27], 2011
Noggin/FGF-2/FGF-4/PDGF/EGF	hESC H1 line	> 95% cells expressing Sox10, A2B5, PDGFRα, NG2, O4, O1; increased neurological response in a rat contusion model	Kerr et al[29], 2010

RA: Retinoic acid; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; FGF-2: Fibroblast growth factor 2; hESC: Human embryonic stem cell; hiPSC: Human induced pluripotent stem cell; PDGFR: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; Shh: Sonic hedgehog; CNTF: Ciliary neurotrophic factor; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1.