Mesenchymal stem cells: Molecular characteristics and clinical applications

Table 2 Examples of the therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells in humans

Indications	Source	Rout of administration	Outcome
Myocardial infarction	Allogenic BM	IV	Increased GSS and EF[148]
	Autologous BM	Intracoronary	Improved LVF[149]
Cartilage defect	Autologous BM	Direct site transplantation	Improved clinical symptom and coverage of defect[110]
Osteogenesis imperfecta	Allogenic BM	IV	Growth acceleration[117]
	Fetal MSC	Intrauterine transplantation	Osteoblastic differentiation and reduced fracture[119]
Critical size defect	Autologous BM	Scaffold loaded	Faster full recovery of limb function than bone graft[103]
MLD and hurler syndrome	Allogenic BM	IV	Improved nerve conduction velocity in MLD patient and increased bone mineral density[167]
Severe idiopathic aplastic anemia	Allogenic BM	IV	Improved stroma[168]
Crohn's disease	Adipose derived stem cell	Intralesional	Improved fistula and quality of life[136]

BM: Bon marrow; EF: Ejection fraction; GSS: Global strain score; IV: Intravenous; LVF: Left ventricular failure; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; MLD: Metachromatic leukodystrophy.