Stem cell therapy: A promising therapeutic approach for skeletal muscle atrophy

Figure 2 The mechanism underlying muscle atrophy. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; Akt: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; UPS: Ubiquitin-proteasome system; ALP: Autophagy-lysosome pathway.