Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide rejuvenates septic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Figure 2 Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. A: Alizarin Red S staining (original magnification, × 4); B: Oil Red O staining (original magnification, × 4); C: Quantification was carried out using cetylpyridinium chloride, and absorbance was measured using a microplate reader at 562 nm; D: Quantification was conducted using isopropanol, and the absorbance was measured using a microplate reader at 500 nm; E: Expression of related genes (runt-related transcription factor 2, alkaline phosphatase, and Sp7 transcription factor 7); F: Expression of related genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, fatty acid binding protein 4, and perilipin-1). HD: n = 8; sepsis: n = 10. The expression of all genes was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results were expressed as fold change relative to undifferentiated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Each error bar shows the mean ± SEM. P values were determined using a t-test (^aP < 0.05, ^cP < 0.001). HD: Healthy donors; RUNX2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; SP7: Sp7 transcription factor 7; PPARG: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; FABP4: Fatty acid binding protein 4; PLN1: Perilipin-1.