Asthma and stem cell therapy

Table 1 Details regarding mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment of asthma models in the past 3 years (2022-2024)

Ref.	MSC-dosage and frequency	MSC-EV source	Asthma animal model	Asthma replication model	Animal numbers	Delivery	Cargo	EV markers
Firouzabadi et al[47], 2024	15 μg, 1 time	HBMSC	Male BALB/c mice	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 43, C = 11, A = 11, T = 21	IV + IT	N/A	CD105, CD63
Shan et al[48], 2022	20 μg, 9 times	HBMSC	BALB/c mice	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 30, C = 10, A = 10, T = 10	IV	MiR-188, miR-124, miR-410, miR-223, miR-130a	CD81, TSG101
Liu et al[49], 2022	100 μg, 3 times	MBMSC	BALB/c mice	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 24, C = 8, A = 8, T = 8	IT	N/A	CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101
Feng et al[50], 2022	NP	NP	Male BALB/c mice	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 15, C = 5, A = 5, T = 5	NP	Some transfected with miR-301a-3	CD63, CD9
Li et al[51], 2023	NP	MBMSC	Male SD rats	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 32, C = 8, A = 8, T = 16	IV	MiR-223-3p	CD9, CD63, CD81
Xu et al[52], 2023	40 μg, 4 times	Hypoxic, HUCMSC	Female BALB/c mice	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 21, C = 4, A = 5, IV T = 6, INH T = 6	INH and IV	Some vesicles were transfected with miR-146a-5p	TSG101, HSP70
Bandeira et al[53], 2023	2 × 109 particles, 1 time	HBMSC	C57BL/6 male mice	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 15, C = 5, A = 5, T = 5	IN	N/A	Flotillin-1, CD81, and β-actin
Dehnavi et al[54], 2023	NP	MAMSC	Female BALB/c mice	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 20, C = 5, A = 5, OVA-EV T = 5, normal EV T = 5	SL	OVA	CD9, CD63
Asadirad et al[55], 2023	NP, 6 times	MAMSC	Female BALB/c mice	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 20, C = 5, A = 5, T = 10	SL	OVA	CD9, CD63
Luo et al[56], 2024	40 μg, 4 times	Hypoxic, HUCMSC	Female BALB/c mice	Sensitized and challenged with OVA	Total = 16, C = 4, A = 6 T = 6	INH	N/A	TSG101, HSP70
Liu et al[57], 2024	NP, 3 times	HUCMSC	Female C57BL/6 mice	Sensitized and challenged with DFE	Total = 24, C = 6, A = 6, DFE + EVs T = 6, DFE + 146a-EVs T = 6	INH	MiR-146a-5p	CD63, HSP70, TSG101
He et al[44], 2024	2 × 1010 particles, 3 times	Human iPSC-MSCs	Female C57BL/6 mice	Sensitized with OVA and LPS, challenged with OVA	Total = 15, C = 5, A = 5, T = 5	IV	N/A	CD9, CD63, Alix, TSG101, calnexin

A: Asthmatic; C: Control; CD: Cluster of differentiation; DFE: Dermatophagoides farinae extract; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; HBMSC: Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; HSP70: 70-kDa heat shock protein; HUMSC: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell; IN: Intranasal INH: Inhalation; iPSC-MSC: Induced pluripotent stem cell derived mesenchymal stem cell; IV: Intravenous; IT: Intratracheal; M-AMSC: Murine adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cell; MBMSC: Murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; N/A: Not applicable; NP: Not provided; OVA: Ovalbumin; SL: Sublingual; T: Treated; TSG101: Tumor susceptibility gene 101.