Effect of adipose-derived stem cells exosomes cross-linked chitosan-αβ-glycerophosphate thermosensitive hydrogel on deep burn wounds

Figure 1 Physical characterization of adipose-derived stem cell exosomes and chitosan-αβ-glycerophosphate hydrogel. A: Electron microscopy showing vesicle-like structures (30-150 nm) with double-concave bilayer membranes at 15 k and 40 k magnification; B: Western blot confirmation of exosome markers CD9, CD63, and CD81; C: Enhanced porosity of chitosan-αβ-glycerophosphate hydrogel vs chitosan hydrogel; D: Temporal release profile of cross-linked vs non-cross-linked adipose-derived stem cell exosomes; E: Temperature-dependent storage (G’) and loss (G’’) moduli; F: In vitro degradation profile. ^cP < 0.001. ASC-Exos: Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes; CS: Chitosan; CS-αβ-GP: Chitosan-αβ-glycerophosphate.