Advances in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles and biomaterial assemblies for endometrial injury treatment

Figure 2 Mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-mediated repair in endometrial injury. This figure illustrates how human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells aid in endometrial repair through transdifferentiation, paracrine effects [via microRNAs (miRNA), exosomes, and growth factors], and immunomodulation [involving interactions with T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages].