Advances in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles and biomaterial assemblies for endometrial injury treatment

Table 1 Summary of different mesenchymal stem cell types in endometrial injury treatment

MSC type	Source	Mechanisms in endometrial repair	Key findings in endometrial injury studies	Ref.
Umbilical cord-derived MSCs	Endometrium	Proliferation, anti-fibrosis, angiogenesis	Support for endometrial regeneration by differentiating into functional endometrial cells	[85]
Bone marrow-derived MSCs	Bone marrow	Anti-inflammation, immunomodulation	Reduction of fibrosis and improvement in endometrial thickness and vascularization in preclinical models	[86]
Adipose tissue-derived MSCs	Adipose tissues	Paracrine signaling, anti-apoptosis	Significant potential in mitigating fibrosis and enhancing cellular regeneration	[87]
Amniotic MSCs	Amniotic membranes	Immunomodulation, anti-fibrosis	Success in reducing inflammation and supporting tissue repair of the endometrium in experimental settings	[88]
Menstrual blood-derived MSCs	Menstrual blood	Angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition	Known for high proliferative potential and efficacy in improving endometrial receptivity and vascular repair	[89]

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.