Extended protective effects of three dimensional cultured human mesenchymal stromal cells in a neuroinflammation model

Figure 5 Application of three-dimensional-cultured mesenchymal stromal cells reduces the inflammatory response in murine chronic lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation model. A: Immunostaining of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (microglial marker), and GFAP (astrocyte marker), in the hippocampal region after induction of chronic neuroinflammation with lipopolysaccharide. Enlarged inset windows represent a small representative portion of top layer in each staining. The black/white images of GFAP were contrasted by flipping the stained and unstained sections to black and white; B: Quantification of the area of activated microglia in a chronic neuroinflammation model. Cell counts were obtained from 3-4 images per mouse (n = 3-4, Kruskal-Wallis One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01); C: Quantification of the number of positive GFAP cells per area (n = 4, Kruskal-Wallis One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001); D: Quantification of the area of positive GFAP per cell (n = 3-4, Kruskal-Wallis One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons, ^dP < 0.0001); E: Measurement of plasma interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in the blood of chronic inflammation model by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (n = 4, Kruskal-Wallis One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisions, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001). LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MSC: Mesenchymal stromal cell; Iba1: Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; 2D: Two-dimensional; 3D: Three-dimensional; IL: Interleukin.