Innovative mesenchymal stem cell treatments for fatty liver disease

Table 2 Mesenchymal stem cell derivatives for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Ref.	Cell source	Secretome	Model	Disease	Function and mechanism
Kang et al[24]	Human UC-MSC-EV	-	Mouse/HepG2 and AML12 cells	NASH	Nrf2/NQO-1 antioxidant signaling pathway
Yang et al[25]	Human UC-MSC-EV	CAMKK1	Mouse/hepatic cells	NAFLD	CAMKK1-mediated lipid homoeostasis regulation
Chen et al[30]	MSC-sEV	RNF31	Mouse	NAFLD	Regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis
Du et al[26]	Human UC-MSC-Exo	MiRNA-24-3p	Mouse/hepatocytes	NAFLD	MiR-24-3p directly targeted Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, and suppressed its expression
					Restrained lipid accumulation, ROS generation, and inflammation
Niu et al[27]	AD-MSC-EV	MiRNA-223-3p	Mouse/hepatocytes	NAFLD	MiR-223-3p displayed suppressive effects on lipid accumulation and liver fibrosis through E2F1 inhibition
Cheng et al[28]	Human UC-MSC-Exo	MiRNA-627-5p	Rat/L-02 cells	NAFLD	MiR-627-5p improved glucose and lipid metabolism and alleviated liver damage by repressing FTO expression
El-Derany et al[29]	BM-MSC-Exo	MiRNA-96-5p	Mouse	NASH	Caspase-2 signaling inhibition
Tawfeek and Kasem[20]	Curcumin-preconditioned MSC-Exo	-	Mouse/HepG2 cells	NASH	Regulated inflammatory, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis-associated ASK-JNK-BAX genes
Kim et al[21]	Pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist-primed induced MSC-EV	-	Mouse	NASH	Reduced steatotic changes and ameliorated ER stress and mitochondiral oxidative stress induced by inflammation
Zhang et al[23]	MSC-sEV	-	Mouse	NASH	Polarized pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages without exacerbating liver fibrosis
Yang et al[31]	MSCs conditional medium	-	Mouse/L-02 cells	NAFLD	Improved mitochondrial function and alleviated inflammation and apoptosis by regulating SIRT1

UC-MSC-EV: Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells extracellular vesicle; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; MSC-sEV: Mesenchymal stem cells small extracellular vesicle; UC-MSC-Exo: Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells exosome; AD-MSC-EV: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells extracellular vesicle; BM-MSC-Exo: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exosome; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; NQO-1: NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1; CAMKK1: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.