Innovative mesenchymal stem cell treatments for fatty liver disease

Table 1 Mesenchymal stem cell treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and alcohol associated liver disease

Ref.	Cell source	Secretome	Model	Disease	Function and mechanism
Du et al[15]	MenSCs	HGF	Mouse	NAFLD	Rnf186 regulated glucose and lipid metabolism through the AMPK/mTOR pathway
					HGF decreased the expression of hepatic Rnf186
Wang et al[13]	Mouse BM-MSCs	-	Mouse	NAFLD	Suppressed the activation of CD4+ T cells
Hu et al[9]	Human UC-MSCs	-	Mouse	NASH	Alleviated obesity, glucose metabolism, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis
					Regulated lipid metabolism and the PPAR signaling pathway
Yang et al[11]	Human UC-MSCs	-	Mouse	NASH	Alleviated hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis
					Reversed the microbiome and metabolome disorders
Li et al[14]	Rat BM-MSCs	-	Mouse/HepG2 cells	NAFLD	Regulation of ER stress and the calcium homeostasis via SERCA
Bi et al[16]	BM-MSCs	Mitochondria	Mouse/hepatocytes	NAFLD	Mitochondrial transfer from BMSCs rescued dysfunction mitochondria
Nickel et al[17]	Human BM-MSCs	Mitochondria	Mouse	NASH	Resolution of NASH in mouse livers involved the donation of human mitochondria to the mouse hepatocytes
Domingues et al[19]	Antioxidant-upregulated human AD-MSCs	-	Mouse	Diet-induced obese	Reduced oxidative stress post-antioxidant-upregulated MSC delivery, intraperitoneally, and reduced systemic inflammation and fat accumulation in the liver
Winkler et al[18]	Human BM-MSCs	-	Mouse	NASH	Transplantation of MSC-derived human hepatocyte-like cells corrects NASH in mice by restoring triglyceride depositions, reducing inflammation and augmenting the regenerative capacity of the liver
Cai et al[32]	BM-MSCs	-	Mouse	Chronic alcoholic hepatitis	Through the PI3K/NF-κB and PI3K/mTOR pathways
					Modulation of natural killer B cells and follicular helper T cells
Huai et al[37]	Human UC-MSCs	FGF21	Mouse	ALD	Enabled macrophages to exhibit anti-inflammatory inclination
Li et al[38]	Lysophosphatidic acid receptors and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors-co-treated human AD-MSCs	-	Mouse	ALD	Ameliorated histological damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and lipid metabolism dysfunction, and enhanced alcohol metabolizing enzyme activity
Ge et al[39]	BM-MSCs/BM-MSCs pre-activated with TLR3	-	Mouse	Chronic-binge alcohol	Protection against alcohol-induced intestinal and hepatic injury and immune dysfunction
Hernandez et al[40]	Human UC-MSCs	-	Mouse	Alcohol binge drinking	Activated stem cells resulted in marked improvement in survival and in recovery of hepatic chemistries
Chung et al[34]	Sk-MSCs	HGF	Mouse/human colonic Caco-2/tc7 cells	Alcoholic liver damage	Reduced inflammatory responses in the liver and gut
Wan et al[35]	BM-MSCs	TSG-6	Mouse	Alcoholic hepatitis	Secreted TSG-6 to inhibit STAT3 activation and to reduce liver injury
Wan et al[33]	BM-MSCs	-	Mouse	Alcoholic hepatitis	Inhibited hepatic neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, and alleviated oxidative stress

MenSCs: Menstrual-derived endometrial stem cells; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BM-MSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSCs: Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; AD-MSCs: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ALD: Alcohol associated liver disease; Sk-MSCs: Skeletal muscle satellite cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells; SERCA: Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; TSG-6: Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21; TLR3: Toll-like receptor 3; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; BMSC: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.