Outcomes of combined mitochondria and mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosome therapy in rat acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis

Figure 12  Illustrating the underlying mechanism of combined exogenous mitochondria and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes therapy on protecting the lung parenchyma against acute respiratory distress syndrome-sepsis syndrome induced injury mainly through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress and refreshing the adenosine triphosphate/mitochondria. ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; SS: Sepsis syndrome; ADMSC: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell; CLP: Cecal ligation and puncture; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TGF: Transforming growth factor; Drp1: Dynamin-related protein 1; Atg5: Autophagy related 5; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; GR: Glutathione reductase; OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation.