Hydrogel loaded with bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes promotes bone regeneration by inhibiting inflammatory responses and angiogenesis

Figure 6 Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome hydrogel promoted fracture healing and angiogenesis in vivo. A: Alcian blue and orange G staining of regenerated bone sections treated by hydrogels with or without bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosome (BMSC-exo) on week 2 and week 4 after fracture; B: Hematoxylin-eosin staining of regenerated bone tissues; C and D: Maximum load, stiffness, and energy absorbed for failure or repaired bone; E and F: mRNA and protein expression of angiogenesis markers (vascular endothelial growth factor A and cyclooxygenase-2) in fracture healing model treated by hydrogels with or without BMSC-exo. n = 6, ^aP < 0.05. VEGFA: Vascular endothelial growth factor A; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; BMSC-exo: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline.