Hydrogel loaded with bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes promotes bone regeneration by inhibiting inflammatory responses and angiogenesis

Figure 2 Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome and HEK293-derived exosome promoted migration and angiogenesis of mouse osteoblast progenitor cells. A: Mouse osteoblast progenitor cells (mOPCSs) with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosome (BMSC-exo) or HEK293-exo stained by crystal violet in Transwell assays. BMSC-exo enhanced cell migration, Scale bar: 50 μm; B: Alkaline phosphatase staining of mOPCSs with BMSC-exo or HEK293-exo internalization for one week. Scale bar: 50 μm; C: Alizarin red staining of treated mOPCSs after osteogenic induction for two weeks. Scale bar: 50 μm; D and E: mRNA and protein expression of genes associated with osteogenesis (Runx2, OPN, and Osterix) in BMSC-exo and HEK293-exo-treated mOPCSs. BMSC-exo: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase.