Sinomenine increases osteogenesis in mice with ovariectomy-induced bone loss by modulating autophagy

Figure 1 Sinomenine ameliorates bone loss in ovariectomy mice. A: Schematic diagram of the experimental design for assessing the effects of sinomenine (SIN) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in ovariectomized (OVX) mice; B: Representative 3D micron-scale computed tomography reconstruction images of trabecular bone under the distal femur growth plate in the sham group, OVX + NS group, OVX + SIN group, and OVX + SIN + 3-MA group; C-J: Quantitative analysis of bone parameters. The region of interest selected for trabecular analysis started 100 sections below the proximal end of the distal femur growth plate, and 150 slices (6 μm each) were read per sample. Bone mineral density (g/cm³) (C), bone volume (BV) (mm³) (D), bone volume fractions (%) (E), bone surface/volume ratio (1/mm) (F), bone surface/volume ratio (1/mm) (G), trabecular number (1/mm) (H), trabecular thickness (mm) (I), trabecular separation (mm) (J). ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, n = 6, biologically independent mice per group, all data were normalized relative to the sham group. OVX: Ovariectomized; SIN: Sinomenine; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; BMD: Bone mineral density; BV: Bone volume; BV/TV: bone volume fractions; BS/BV: Bone surface/volume ratio; BS/TV: Bone surface/volume ratio; Tb.N: Trabecular number; Tb.Th: Trabecular thickness; Tb.Sp: Trabecular separation.