Role of glioma stem cells in promoting tumor chemo- and radioresistance: A systematic review of potential targeted treatments

Table 2 Summary of the ongoing clinical trials focusing on targeted therapies against the molecular mechanism of glioma stem cell-mediated resistance to adjuvant treatments

Trial name	Year	Title	Trial phase	Therapeutic agent
NCT00916409	2014	A prospective, multicenter trial of NovoTTF-100 A together with TMZ compared to TMZ alone in patients with newly diagnosed GBM	III	NovoTTF-100A device
NCT01474239	2016	Randomized noncomparative phase II trial with bevacizumab and FOT in the treatment of recurrent GBM	II	Bevacizumab
NCT02698280	2018	Phase II study of bevacizumab and ACNU in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma	II	Bevacizumab
NCT04396860	2020	Randomized noncomparative phase II trial with bevacizumab and FOT in the treatment of recurrent GBM	II/III	Ipilimumab, nivolumab, NovoTTF-100 A device
NCT01310868	2021	An evaluation of the tolerability and feasibility of combining 5-ALA with BCNU wafers (Gliadel®) in the surgical management of primary GBM	II	5-ALA Gliadel® wafers
NCT01290939	Ongoing	Phase III trial exploring the combination of bvacizumab and CCNU in patients with first recurrence of a GBM	III	Bevacizumab
NCT00884741	Ongoing	Phase III double-blind placebo-controlled trial of conventional concurrent chemoradiation and adjuvant TMZ plus bevacizumab versus conventional concurrent chemoradiation and adjuvant TMZ in patients with newly diagnosed GBM	III	Bevacizumab
NCT02017717	Ongoing	A randomized phase III open-label study of nivolumab versus bevacizumab and multiple phase I safety cohorts of nivolumab or nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab across different lines of GBM	III	Nivolumab, bevacizumab, ipilimumab
NCT00753246	Ongoing	Phase III study of standard radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant OSAG 101 (Theraloc®) plus TMZ versus standard radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant TMZ patient with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed GBM multiforme grade IV	III	Nimotuzumab

GBM: Glioblastoma; TMZ: Temozolomide.