Biological scaffold as potential platforms for stem cells: Current development and applications in wound healing

Table 2 Mesenchymal stem cells and their application in wound healing

MSCs	Sources	Application in wound healing
ADSCs	Adipose	Zhou et al[115] demonstrated the systemic administration of ADSCs and ADSC-exosomes effectively stimulated cell proliferation, suppressed cell apoptosis and inflammation, and improved skin elasticity and barrier integrity. Zheng et al[116] unveiled the protective effects of ADSC-exosomes on cells against oxidative damage. These exosomes enhanced cell proliferation and migration while reducing apoptosis
BMSCs	Bone marrow	Ding et al[119] preconditioned BMSC-exosomes with deferoxamine exhibited heightened proangiogenic. Gondaliya et al[120] explored the combination of a miR-155 inhibitor with BMSC-exosomes, showcased augmented keratinocyte migration, restoration of FGF-7 levels, and decreased inflammation
hUC-MSCs	Umbilical cord tissue	Zhang et al[122] devised a scaffold to generate tissue sheets using hUC-MSCs which significantly expedited wound healing. Xue et al[123] engineered spherical hUC-MSCs, which were subsequently integrated into self-assembling hydrogels
EPSCs	Epidermis	Pan et al[125] devised an electrospun micro/nanofiber scaffold to culture and transplant EPSCs with the aim of preserving their stemness and preventing differentiation
FD-MSCs	Fetal dermal	Costa et al[127] found out the exosomes from FD-MSCs effectively stimulated adult dermal fibroblasts’ proliferation, migration and secretion
hAFSCs	Human amniotic fluid	Zhang et al[129] showed that hAFSC-exosomes expedited wound healing, promoting hair follicle, nerve, and vessel regeneration

ADSCs: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; hUC-MSCs: Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; EPSCs: Epidermal stem cells; FD-MSCs: Fetal dermal mesenchymal stem cells; hAFSCs: Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor.