Self-assembly of differentiated dental pulp stem cells facilitates spheroid human dental organoid formation and prevascularization

Figure 4 Morphological and functional identification of Vorganoids. A: Immunofluorescence staining for vasculogenesis-related markers; B: CD31 expression pattern in Vorganoid cells during different culture durations; C: Morphological changes in Vorganoid cells during different culture durations; D and E: Analysis of adenosine triphosphate (D) and lactate dehydrogenase (E) levels in Vorganoids during different culture durations; F: Expression patterns of inflammatory markers in Vorganoids analysed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significant difference between the groups, ^bP < 0.01, Scale bar = 100 μm. HE: Hematoxylin-eosin; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumour necrosis factor; NS: Not significant.