Self-assembly of differentiated dental pulp stem cells facilitates spheroid human dental organoid formation and prevascularization

Figure 1 The single-cell atlas of human teeth. A: Single-cell RNA sequencing data from human teeth were projected onto the UMAP map. Annotation-cell and nonannotation clusters are presented on the same UMAP plot; B: The top 5 upregulated and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subsequently detected in each cell cluster; C: The UMAP map shows all the endothelial cell subsets; D: Heatmap of DEGs associated with endothelial cell subset development according to pseudotime trajectory analysis. The prebranch, cell fate1, and cell fate2 subsets of endothelial cells exhibit distinct fates; E: Vascular endothelial growth factor A targets identified by gene set enrichment analysis for pseudotime trajectory-related DEGs; F: GSVA and Ternary Cluster analyses revealed a significant difference in the vascular endothelial growth factor signalling pathway among the dental pulp endothelial cells; G: The GSVA and Ternary Cluster analyses showed a significant difference in vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway among dental pulp endothelial cells. VEGFA: Vascular endothelial growth factor A; IL: Interleukin; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.