Advances in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into vascular cells

Figure 3 Summary of induced pluripotent cells-derived vascular derivatives. Various human vascular models based on induced pluripotent cell technology have been developed, including two-dimensional vascular cell culture, tissue-engineered vascular grafts, vascular organ chips, and three-dimensional vascular organoid construction. Alongside the increasing complexity and the ability to faithfully represent the in vivo process, the ease of handling and scalability of these human-based vascular models usually decrease. 3D: Three-dimensional.