Advances in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into vascular cells

Figure 2 Methods for modeling three-dimensional vascular organoid or pericyte-endothelium co-culture. Both co-differentiation or co-culture of endothelium and pericyte and three-dimensional vascular organoids can model different cell types of vascular cells at the same time. This figure shows the main procedures of these methods, revealing the similarities and differences in the order of activation and inhibition of key pathways related to differentiation. FBS: Foetal bovine serum; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; BMP4: Bone morphogenetic protein 4; FGF-2: Fibroblast growth factor 2; TGF: Transforming growth factor; PDGF-BB: Platelet-derived growth factor-BB.