Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids: Current progress and challenges

Figure 1 Overview of human pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids. A: Schematic signaling of endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal triodermal organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) by addition of different inducing factors; B: The process of generating hPSCs-derived kidney organoids involves the following consecutive stages: Generation of the posterior primitive streak, intermediate mesoderm, nephron progenitor cells, and kidney organoids. The dotted box shows immune cells not currently induced in kidney organoids in vitro. hPSCs: Human pluripotent stem cells; HSR: Knockout serum replacement; MHCII: Major histocompatibility complex; BDCA: Blood dendritic cell antigen; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor.