Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids: Current progress and challenges

Table 1 Overview of human pluripotent stem cells derived kidney organoid model systems

Posterior primitie streak	Intermediate mesoderm	Nephric progenitor cell	Kidney organoids
BMP4	FGF9	FGF9	Without growth factor 6 d
Activin A, 2-3 d	4D	BMP7, RA, 6 d	Kidney organoids
			SYNPO, NPHS1, WT1, AQP1, SLC3A1, AQP2, SCNNB1[21]
Activin A, WNT3, 1 d	FGF2, BMP7	FGF2, BMP7	HGF 21 d
BMP4, FGF2, 2 d	RA, 8 d	RA, 15 d	Kidney organoids E-CADHERIN, ZO1, KRT18, SLC12A3, CD13, ALP, AQP1, MUC1, SYN, NEPHRIN[28]
CHIR, 4 d	Without growth factor, 3 d	FGF9, CHIR, 2 d	FGF9, 11 d
			Kidney organoids
			WT1+, NPHS1+, LTL+, LRP2+, CDH6+, AQP1+, JAG1+, CDH1+, AQP2+, CK8+, CALB1+, CD31+, CD34+[11]
CHIR, BMP4, 4 d	Activin, 3 d	FGF9, 2 d	FGF9, CHIR 2 d, FGF9, 3d
			Without growth factor 7 d
			Kidney organoids
			PAX8+, LHX1+, LAM+, PODXL, LTL, CDH1, CDH1+, AQP2+, PDGFRβ+, endomucin+, α-SMA+[27]
CHIR, 4 d	FGF9, CHIR, 2 d	FGF9, CHIR, 4 d	Without growth factor 18 d
			Kidney organoids
			NPHS1+, MAFB+, LTL+, CUBN+, LRP2+, HNF4A+, ECAD, GATA3+, SOX17+, PECAM1+[29]
CHIR, 3 d	Activin, FGF9, 1 d	CHIR, FGF9, 2 d	FGF9 200 ng/mL 4 d, without growth factor 10 d
			Kidney organoids WT1+, LTL+, NPHS1, SCNN1B, ENDOGLIN, VEGFR[30]
CHIR, 4 d	FGF9, 3 d	CHIR, 1 h	Without growth factor 15-17 d
		FGF9, 5 d	Kidney organoids WT1+, LTL+, CDH1+[31]
CHIR, RA, BMP4, FGF2, 1 d	FGF9, RA, NOGGIN, 2 d	FGF9, CHIR, 3 d	CHIR, FGF2, 2 d, without growth factor 8 d
CHIR, BMP7, FGF2, 0.5 d			Kidney organoids, NEPHRIN, WT1, LTL, AQP1, SGLT2, JAGGED-1
CHIR, BMP7, FGF2, A83-01, 1.5 d			GED1, CDH6, BRN1, AQP2, AQP3[32]
CHIR, BMP7, FGF2, Activin A, Y-27632, 3 d

RA: Retinoic acid; CHIR: CHIR99021; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor.