Crosstalk between Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein signaling during osteogenic differentiation

Table 2 Molecules regulating osteogenesis via the bone morphogenetic protein/Smad-dependent pathway

No	Name	Experimental model(s)	Effect	Role	Ref.
1	LMCD1	In vitro and in vivo	Promotes osteogenic activity	Acts along with Smad-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 to modulate the ubiquitination levels of Smad1 and Runx2	[50]
2	Carnosol	In vitro	Induces osteogenic activity	Stimulates osteogenesis via the activation of the BMP signaling pathway and consequent upregulation of the expression of downstream target genes	[51]
3	IL-1β	In vitro and in vivo	Promotes osteogenic activity	Enhances the osteogenic differentiation potential of mouse bone marrow MSCs by activating the BMP/Smad osteogenic signaling pathway	[52]
4	NGF	In vitro	Promotes osteogenic activity	Increases BMP2 expression and phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad1/5/8	[53]
5	Nobiletin	In vitro	Promotes osteogenic activity	Stimulates osteogenic differentiation by promoting Runx2 and BMP2 signaling	[54]
6	Simvastatin	In vitro and in vivo	Promotes osteogenic activity	Increases the expression of osteogenic differentiation- and BMP2/Smads pathway-associated genes	[55]
7	Isoquercitrin	In vitro	Promotes osteogenic activity	Stimulates osteogenic differentiation via Runx2 expression in osteoblasts and BMP pathway in BMSCs	[56]

LMCD1: LIM- and cysteine-rich domains 1; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; NGF: Nerve growth factor; Runx2: Runx family transcription factor 2; BMSC: Bone marrow stem cells; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells.