Refining adipose-derived stem cell isolation for optimal regenerative therapy

Figure 1 Effects of various mesenchymal stem cell sources and processing protocols on extracellular vesicle composition and therapeutic efficacy. This figure presents key factors that influence the composition and therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicle (EVs), clarifying how MSCs from different tissue sources (e.g., adipose, bone marrow, and umbilical cord) produce EVs with different molecular profiles. It also depicts the effects of various processing protocols, such as culture conditions (e.g., suspension cultures and hypoxic preconditioning) and isolation techniques, on the yield and functionality of EVs. Furthermore, the figure underscores the importance of selecting appropriate MSC sources and standardizing processing protocols to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of EVs in regenerative medicine. EV: Extracellular vesicle; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; miRNAs: MicroRNAs.