Refining adipose-derived stem cell isolation for optimal regenerative therapy

Table 2 Effects of mesenchymal stem cell source and processing protocols on extracellular vesicle composition and therapeutic efficacy

Variables	Description	Ref.
MSC source	Different tissues (adipose, bone marrow, umbilical cord) produce EVs with different profiles. ADMSCs contain elevated levels of proregenerative factors, such as miRNAs that promote angiogenesis and modulate immune responses	Liu et al[2], 2024; Souza et al[6], 2024
Processing protocols	Culture conditions and EV isolation techniques influence EV content and function. Suspension cultures improve EV yield and functionality. Hypoxic preconditioning enhances EVs with tissue repair and immunomodulatory factors	Jeyaraman et al[1], 2024; Suryawan et al[17], 2021
Therapeutic efficacy	Therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EVs is associated with their specific compositional profiles. ADMSC-derived EVs are particularly effective in promoting wound healing and modulating immune responses because of their distinct miRNA and protein contents	Soltani et al[8], 2024; Symonds et al[18], 2023
Challenges and considerations	Variability in EV composition necessitates careful MSC source selection and standardized processing protocols to optimize therapeutic outcomes. Standardization is essential for producing EVs with consistent therapeutic properties	Liu et al[2], 2024; Carr et al[3], 2024

This table summarizes the effects of different mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sources and processing techniques on the composition and functionality of extracellular vesicle (EVs). MSCs derived from various tissues, particularly adipose tissue, yield EVs with distinct profiles. These EVs are enriched in proregenerative factors such as specific microRNAs. The methods used for cell culture and EV isolation strongly influence the yield, content, and therapeutic efficacy of EVs. For instance, suspension cultures and hypoxic preconditioning enhance the functionality of EVs. The therapeutic potential of EVs is closely associated with their compositional profiles. Therefore, selecting appropriate MSC sources and standardizing processing protocols are crucial for achieving consistent and optimal therapeutic outcomes. ADMSC: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell; EV: Extracellular vesicle; miRNA: MicroRNA; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.