Use of priming strategies to advance the clinical application of mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-based therapy

Table 1 Main priming strategies of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and their application in various disease models

MSCs	Priming treatments	Model/disease	Therapeutic effects	Ref.
Priming with inflammatory molecules
BM-MSCs	IFN-γ	In vivo model of chronic colitis	Attenuation of inflammation	[61]
UC-MSCs	TNF-α	In vivo model of intrauterine adhesion	Reduction of inflammation and endometrium fibrosis	[62]
BM-MSCs	IFN-γ	In vivo models of acute radiation syndrome	Protection from radiation-induced lethality	[63]
UC-MSCs	IL-1β	In vivo model of chronic colitis	Attenuation of inflammation	[64]
BM-MSCs	IL-25	In vivo model of chronic colitis	Attenuation of inflammation	[65]
BM-MSCs and CB-MSCs	IFN-γ	In vivo model of GVHD	Reduction of the symptoms of GVHD	[66]
UC-MSCs	IFN-γ; TNF-α	In vivo model of GVHD	Reduction of the clinical symptoms	[67]
BM-MSCs	IL-6	In vivo model of liver fibrosis	Reduction of liver injury	[68]
UC-MSCs	IL-1β	In vivo model of sepsis	Increase in survival rate	[69]
CB-MSCs	IFN-γ	In vivo model of acute kidney injury	Reduction of kidney injury	[70]
AdMSCs	TNF-α	In vivo model of wound healing	Acceleration of wound closure and angiogenesis	[71]
Priming with hypoxia
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of traumatic brain injury	Improved neurogenesis and cognitive function	[47]
AdMSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of hepatectomy	Enhanced liver regeneration	[48]
UC-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of spinal cord injury	Improved axonal preservation	[52]
AdMSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of hindlimb ischemia	Improvement of angiogenesis	[53]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of hepatectomy	Enhanced liver regeneration	[54]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of pulmonary fibrosis	Increased survival rate	[72]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of hindlimb ischemia	Improvement of angiogenesis	[73]
AdMSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of hindlimb ischemia	Improvement of functional recovery	[74]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of radiation-induced lung injury	Improvement of antioxidant ability	[75]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of lung IRI	Attenuation of lung injury	[76]
AdMSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of acute kidney injury	Improvement of renal function	[77]
AdMSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of acute kidney injury	Attenuation of kidney injury	[78]
PMSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of scar formation	Reduction of scar formation	[79]
AF-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of wound healing	Acceleration of wound healing	[80]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of wound healing	Acceleration of wound healing	[81]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of hindlimb ischemia	Improvement of muscle fiber regeneration	[82]
DP-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of dental pulp injury	Regeneration of dental pulp	[83]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of cerebral ischemia	Enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis	[84]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of ischemic cortex	Reduction of infarct volume	[85]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of myocardial infarction	Reduction of cardiac fibrosis	[86]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of myocardial infarction	Improvement cardiac functions	[87]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of myocardial infarction	Prevention of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes	[88]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of myocardial infarction	Increased cardiomyocyte proliferation and function	[89]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo model of myocardial infarction	Improved cardiac repair	[90]
BM-MSCs	Hypoxia	In vivo IRI model of myocardium	Reduction of IRI	[91]
Priming with 3D culture
BM-MSCs	3D culture	In vivo model of peritonitis	Attenuation of inflammation	[92]
UC-MSCs	3D culture	In vivo model of arthritis	Attenuation of systemic arthritic manifestations	[93]
CB-MSCs	3D culture	In vivo model of hindlimb ischemia	Improvement of cell survival and angiogenesis	[94]
AdMSCs	3D culture	In vivo model of hindlimb ischemia	Improvement of angiogenesis	[95]
AdMSCs	3D culture	In vivo model of acute kidney injury	Amelioration of renal function	[96]
AdMSCs	3D culture	In vivo model of disc degeneration	Induction of disc repair	[97]
BM-MSCs	3D culture	In vivo model of bilateral calvarial defects	Induction of bone regeneration	[98]
SMSCs	3D cultures	In vivo model of osteochondral defects	Induction of cartilage regeneration	[99]
BM-MSCs	3D culture	In vivo model of myocardial infarction	Promotion of cardiac repair	[100]
BM-MSCs	3D cultures	In vivo model of myocardial infarction	Improvement of cardiac function	[101]

MSCs: Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; UC-MSCs: Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; AdMSCs: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; CB-MSCs: Cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; DP-MSCs: Dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; PMSCs: Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells; AF-MSCs: Amniotic fluid derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; SMSCs: Synovial derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; GVHD: Graft-versus-host disease; IRI: Ischemia-reperfusion injury; IFN: Interferon; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; 3D: Three-dimensional.