Stimulating factors for regulation of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Table 3 Physical stimuli and their effects on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Physical stimuli	Parameters	Cell source	Results	Ref.
EMF	1 mT, 15 Hz, 4 h/day	BMSCs	BMSCs pretreated with EMF exhibited stronger osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential and weaker adipogenesis capacity	Tu et al[40]
	25, 50, 75Hz square and sinusoidal waveform EMF	BMSCs	EMF induced BMSCs differentiation to neuron cells in all treatment groups	Asadian et al[42]
	1 mT, 15 Hz, 4 h/day	Rabbit MSCs	EMF enhanced the osteogenic potential of MSCs	Wang et al[41]
	PEMF	MSCs	Brief exposure to low amplitude PEMFs enhanced the ability of MSCs to produce and secrete paracrine factors capable of promoting cartilage regeneration	Parate et al[43]
SMG	30 g for 72 h or 10 days	Adult rat MSCs	A shorter period of SMG promoted MSCs to differentiate into endothelial, neuronal and adipogenic cells. In comparison, a longer period of SMG promoted MSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts	Xue et al[48]
	10 rpm, 72 h, 0.001 G	BMSCs	Inhibited osteogenic differentiation of MSCs	Liu et al[47]
	30 rpm clinorotation, 3 d	Adult rat MSCs	Promoted the neuronal differentiation of rat MSCs	Chen et al[44]
	7 rpm, 21 d	hMSCs	Lowered the chondrogenic potential of hMSCs	Mayer-Wagner et al[50]
Microgravity	0.001 G	hMSCs	microgravity-cultured hMSCs showed a better ability to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes compared to cells cultured under natural gravity conditions	Nakaji-Hirabayashi et al[46]]
Spare microgravity		hMSCs	Spare microgravity reduced the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs and shifted the osteogenesis of hMSCs into adipogenesis, even during ostergenic induction	Zhang et al[49]
FSS	0.375 dyn/cm2, 2 h/d	BMSCs	Promoted osteogenesis-related genes and proteins in BMSCs	Jiang et al[54]
	0.06 dyn/cm2, 6 h/d	BMSCs	Proper FSS stimulation obviously enhanced BMSCs osteogenesis, while the expressions of osteogenic genes decreased with higher intensity of FSS	Jing et al[51]
	0.5, 0.8 Pa, 3 h/d	MSCs	Promoted MSCs ostegenesis	Jiao et al[55]
	3-7 dynes/cm2	hMSCs	Enhanced osteogenic differentiation	Zhao et al[52]
	4.2 dynes/cm2	hMSCs	FSS could lead to the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs	Liu et al[53]
	ΔSS from 0 dyn/cm2 to 10 dyn/cm2	MSCs	Fast ΔSS (0–0′) profits the chondrogenic differentiation, while Slow ΔSS (0–2′) advances osteogenic differentiation	Yue et al[57]
	ΔSS from 0 dyn/cm2 to 10 dyn/cm2	MSCs	Fast ΔSS (0–0′) profits the chondrogenic differentiation, while Slow ΔSS (0–2′) advances osteogenic differentiation	Lu et al[56]
HP	10 MPa, 1 Hz, 4 h/d, 5 d/w, 3 w	BMSCs	HP promoted BMSCs chondrogenic differentiation	Steward et al[60]
	0-0.5 MPa, 0.5 Hz	hMSCs	HP promoted the differentiation of the hMSCs toward osteogenesis	Huang et al[59]
	270 kPa, 1 Hz, 1 h/d, 5 d/w, 3 w	BMSCs	HP promoted chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs	Luo et al[64]
	100 psi	ADSCs	HP significantly increased osteogenic differentiation of AMSCs	Ru et al[65]
	90 kPa, 1 h	BMSCs	HP promoted chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs	Zhao et al[61]
	90 kPa, 1 h	BMSCs	HP promoted the expression of marker genes for early osteogenic differentiation and chondrogenic differentiation of the BMSCs	Zhao et al[62]

BMSCs: Bone mesenchymal stem cells; EMF: Electromagnetic field; PEMF: Pulsed electromagnetic field; ADSCs: Adipose-derived stem cells; SMG: Simulated microgravity; hMSCs: Human mesenchymal stem cells; hucMSCs: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; FSS: Fluid shear stress; ΔSS: Rate of fluid shear stress; HP: Hydrostatic pressure.