Stimulating factors for regulation of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Table 1 Growth factors, cytokines, and their effects on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Factors	Amount/types	Concentration	Cell dource	Results	Ref.
FGF	FGF-2	10 ng/ml	BM-PACs	FGF-2 did not lead to cell differentiation into a chondrogenic lineage	Endo et al[9]
	bFGF	5 ng/ml	SMSCs	Promoted SMSCs chondrogenic differentiation	Okamura et al[10]
	bFGF	0-40 ng/ml	UC-MSCs	bFGF did not alter osteogenic nor adipogenic differentiation potential	Ramasamy et al[12]
	bFGF	20 ng/ml	BMSCs	bFGF pretreatment inhibited osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs at early stage, promoted it in the medium phase, and maintained it in the later stage during osteogenic induction	Wang et al[13]
TGF-β	TGF-β3	10 ng/ml	SF-MSCs	Increased the expression levels of COL2A1, SOX9, ACAN, COL10A1	Jia et al[15]
	TGF-β	10 ng/ml	ADSCs	Promoted ADSCs chondrogenic differentiation but led to early hypertrophic maturation	Hesari et al[2]
	TGF-β1	1, 10, 20 or 50 ng/ml	BMSCs	Low concentration of TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml) promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs while high concentration of TGF-β1 (10 to 50 ng/ml) significantly inhibited osteogenesis	Xu et al[17]
	TGF-β	5 ng/ml	BMSCs	Promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs but suppressed the maturation of ostroblastic MSC differentiation at the last stage of osteogenic process	Igarashi et al[18]
	TGF-β3	10 μg/L	PDLSCs	Induced chondrogenesis	Choi et al[5]
IL	IL-6	100 ng/mL	BMSCs	Promoted BMSCs osteogenic differentiation	Xie et al[21]
	IL-17A	5-40 ng/ml	BMSCs	Promoted the neuronal-associated gene expression of BMSCs	Chen et al[24]
	IL-17	50 ng/mL	Mouse MSCs	Enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of mMSCs	Liao et al[22]
	IL-6	100 ng/mL	hMSCs	IL-6/soluble IL-6R promoted chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs	Kondo et al[20]
	IL-17A	50 ng/ml	BMSCs	Inhibited osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs	Wang et al[23]
	IL-22	10 ng/ml	MSCs	Upregulated osteogenic and adipogenic transcription factors	El-Zayadi et al[25]

FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; FGF-2/bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; TGFβ: Transforming growth factor β; IL: Interleukin; BMSCs: Bone mesenchymal stem cells; BM-PACs: Bone marrow peri-adipocyte cells; ADSCs: Adipose-derived stem cells; hMSCs: Human mesenchymal stem cells; SMSCs: Synovial mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSCs: Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; SF-MSCs: Synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells; COL2A1: Collagen type II alpha 1 chain; SOX9: Sex-determining region Y-box 9; ACAN: Aggrecan protein; COL10A1: collagen type X alpha 1 chain.