Harnessing and honing mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for the amelioration of graft-versus-host disease

Table 1 Immunosuppressive effect exerted by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from different sources on immune cells

MSC types	Mechanism of immunosuppressive effect	Ref.
BM-MSCs	Recipient-derived MSCs from patients with GVHD are analogous to MSCs from healthy volunteers	Copland et al[47]
	After MSC infusion, the ratio of Th1 cells to Th2 cells was reversed, with an increase in Th1 and a decrease in Th2 achieving a new balance	Zhou et al[48]
	BM-MSCs reduce the incidence and severity of GVHD by improving thymic function and induction of Tregs but not increase the risks of infections and tumor relapse	Zhao et al[49]; Selmani et al[50]
	HLA-G5 secreted by MSCs is critical to the suppressive functions of MSCs	Selmani et al[51]
MenSCs	MenSCs exhibit a higher capacity to migrate into the intestine and liver and not to their anti-inflammatory capacities	Luz-Crawford et al[52]
FL-MSCs	FL-MSCs demonstrates much longer-lasting immunomodulatory properties by inhibiting directly the proliferation and activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells	Yu et al[53]
UC-MSCs	UC-MSCs showed minimal expression of HLA-DR after activation and posed minimal risk of initiating an allogeneic immune	Kim et al[54]
	UC-MSCs alleviate SLE through upregulating Treg cells, which was partly dependent on HLA-G	Chen et al[55]
	UC-MSCs ameliorate GVHD and spare GVL effect via immunoregulations	Wu et al[56]
WJ-MSCs	WJ-MSCs exert immunosuppressive effects by cell-cell contact with activated T cells and in part through the soluble factor indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase	He et al[57]
MC-, WJ- and BM-MSCs	The mixed populations of MSCs displayed all of the positive attributes of WJ-MSC and BM-MSC	Mennan et al[58]
AT-MSCs	The use of AT-MSC rather than BM-MSC could further preserve NK cell activity and favor GVL	Blanco et al[59]
hG-MSCs	hG-MSC treatment inhibited local inflammation of injured skin by suppressing inflammatory cells, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α, and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, which was promoted by hypoxia	Jiang et al[60]
CP-, BM- and AT-MSCs	CP-MSCs may have additional advantage over the other MSCs in terms of immunomodulation	Lee et al[61]
DP-MSCs	Immunomodulation and expression of trophic factors by dental MSCs increase their resistance to allogeneic NK cell lysis and their potential in vivo lifespan	Martinez et al[62]

AT: Adipose tissue; BM: Bone marrow; CP: Chorionic plate; DP: Dental pump; FL: Fetal liver; hG: Human gingiva; GVHD: Graft-versus-host disease; GVL: Graft-versus-leukemia; MenSC: Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; UC: Umbilical cord; WJ: Wharton jelly.