Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Stem Cells. Apr 26, 2023; 15(4): 165-181
Published online Apr 26, 2023. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i4.165
Table 1 The mechanism of extracellular vesicles in the regeneration medicine

Source of EVs
Mechanism
KidneyMSC-EVsInhibiting oxidation, apoptosis, and inflammation
HLSC-EVsRegulating angiogenesis, the cell cycle, regeneration, autophagy, proliferation[36-38,46]
BMSC-EVs
Liver diseasehiPSCs-EVsInhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis
Hepatocyte-EVsSupporting hepatocyte function
MSC-EVsPromoting angiogenesis
Reducing inflammatory responses[48-53]
Cardiac muscleESCs-EVsVascularization
iPSCs-EVsAmelioration of apoptosis and hypertrophy
MSCs-EVsPromoting cell proliferation and migration[55-60]
CDCs-EVs
BMSC-EVs
TendonBMSC-EVsModulating macrophage phenotypes
ADSC-EVsAnti-inflammatory reaction
Enhancing proliferation, migration, tenogenic differentiation of TSCs
Regulating angiogenesis
Modulating immune responses[62-68]
Wound healingBMSC-EVsPromoting re-epithelialization
ADSC-EVsPromoting collagen maturity and angiogenesis
hENSC-EVEnhancing cell proliferation and migration[69-74]
HUVECs-EVs
iPSC-EVs
Tooth and periodontal tissueBMSC-EVsModulating the inflammatory immune response
ADSC-EVsEnhancing cell proliferation and migration
DPSC-EVsPromoting odontogenic differentiation
DFC-EVsStem cell recruitment[76-83]
PDLSC-EVs
HERS-EVs
SC-EVs
NerveSKP-SC-EVsMediating axon regeneration
BMSC-EVsRegulating the phenotype of Schwann cells
ADSC-EVsPromoting angiogenesis
GMSC-EVsRegulating inflammatory reactions[84-94]
BoneADSC-EVsAngiogenesis
BMSC-EVsOsteoblast proliferation
SMSC-EVsIntercellular communication
PRP-EVsImmune regulation[96-104]