Current status and prospects of basic research and clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Table 2 Clinical study characteristics

Ref.	Cell type	Patient number	Outcome	Study design/evidence level	Publish time
Wilson et al[98]	MSC	9	No serious adverse events	Phase 1 clinical trial: A multicenter, open-label phase	2015
Matthay et al[99]	BM-MSCs	60	(1) No patients had any adverse events; (2) Mortality at 28 and 60 d was not significantly increased; and (3) ↑Oxygenation index	Phase 2a safety trial: Prospective, double-blind, multicenter, randomized trial	2019
Yip et al[100]	UC-MSCs	9	(1) In-hospital mortality was 33.3% (3/9); (2) No serious prespecified cell infusion-associated or treatment-related adverse events; (3) ↓Circulating inflammatory biomarkers; (4) ↓Mesenchymal stem cell markers; and (5) ↑Immune cell markers	Phase I clinical trial: Prospective	2020
Lanzoni et al[107]	UC-MSCs	24	(1) No serious adverse events; (2) ↑Survival; and (3) ↓Inflammatory cytokines at day 6	Phase 1/2a clinical trial: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial	2021
Dilogo et al[108]	UC-MSCs	20	(1) ↑Survival; and (2) ↓Interleukin 6	Clinical trial: A multicentered, double-blind, randomized clinical trial	2021
Monsel et al[109]	UC-MSCs	45	(1) PaO2/FiO2 changes between D0 and D7 did not differ significantly; and (2) Clinical improvement	Clinical trial: A multicentered, double-blind, randomized clinical trial	2022
Grégoire et al[110]	BM-MSCs	8	(1) ↑Survival; (2) Clinical improvement; and (3) ↓Day-7 D-dimer value	A phase I/II Clinical Trial	2022
Kaffash Farkhad et al[111]	UC-MSCs	10	(1) ↑PaO2/FiO2; (2) ↓Serum CRP; (3) ↓IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 A; and (4) ↑TGF-β, IL-1B and IL-10	Phase 1 clinical trial: A single-center, open-label	2022

UC-MSC: Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; CDC: Cardiosphere-derived cells; BM-MCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PaO₂/FiO₂: Arterial oxygen partial pressure/fractional inspired oxygen; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: Computed tomography; ICU: Intensive care unit; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; TGF-β: Tumor growth factor-β; IL: Interleukin.